Beating Singer at His Own Game
Peter Singer is one of very few living philosophers who are known in the mainstream--I have seen him on the Morning Show, the Colbert Report, and a BBC news special.
Its probably a toss-up whether he is more known for his animal rights stuff or his ending world poverty stuff, but he is extremely prominent in both areas.
Recently, Singer has published a book entitled "The Life You Can Save". This book is written for a popular audience, and it basically makes the same case Singer has been making since his 1972 "Famine, Affluence, and Morality": that we (individuals as well as governments) should be giving A LOT more money to charities, to end world poverty and unnecessary deaths from things that, frankly, people shouldn't die from-- diarrhea, cholera, etc. etc. Even the poor in affluent countries like the U.S. are much better off than the poor in third-world countries, and proximity should have no independent effect on our obligations.
I generally agree with Singer's project, as well as most of his others (that is, I am a utilitarian who isn't afraid to follow those principles to their conclusion.)
Here, I want to focus on one of his most famous arguments. This is an argument that gets discussed in Intro to Ethics courses all over. Briefly, it is this:
"if it is in our power to prevent something very bad from happening, without thereby sacrificing anything morally significant, we ought, morally, to do it. An application of this principle would be as follows: if I am walking past a shallow pond and see a child drowning in it, I ought to wade in and pull the child out. This will mean getting my clothes muddy, but this is insignificant, while the death of the child would presumably be a very bad thing...the principle takes, firstly, no account of proximity or distance. It makes no moral difference whether the person I can help is a neighbor's child ten yards from me or a Bengali whose name I shall never know, ten thousand miles away. Secondly, the principle makes no distinction between cases in which I am the only person who could possibly do anything and cases in which I am just one among millions in the same position." (Famine, Affluence, and Morality)
Its the example of the child drowning that gets me. I actually think it is an apt analogy--if you can save a child's life by donating $75 to Oxfam, that is just as good as saving a child's life that is drowning in a wading pool right in front of you. That's okay with me. Sure, you might ruin your suit. But saving a child's life is much more valuable than a suit, even a nice one.
But there is an issue here, if we are sticking strictly to our utilitarian calculus (which Singer wants to do). Let's assume, for sake of example, that a child in Africa's minor ailment can be cured with a $75 donation to Oxfam, allowing him to live a productive and full life. Next, let's assume that the suit I am wearing has a resale value of, say, $300. I notice the child drowning in front of me. Here we are, in the same situation which Singer gives above, but with the added detail about the suit's cost. So, it seems we should save the child in front of us--most people would even say its pretty obvious we ought to do that. But let's say I don't have time to take off my suit. If this is so, then, by utilitarian lights, I ought not save the child! Why? Because I can save the lives of 4 children by leaving, selling the suit, and donating the money to Oxfam. The lives of 4 are greater than the life of one, and proximity makes no difference.
This looks to be just another formulation of the trolley problem, or the forced organ-donor example. But it is especially interesting because what Singer says in his work on poverty seems to imply he has to be ok with this counterintuitive conclusion.
Anyone have any way of getting out of this? It sure seems like there ought to be one; that is, I think Singer's argument is cogent--so something fishy must be going on here.
Labels: consequentialism, ethics, luke, moral, philosophy, poverty, singer, utilitarianism
49 Comments:
"by utilitarian lights, I ought not save the child!"
One thing to note: there are many ways to "not save the child". Utilitarianism prescribes one of them: namely, selling the suit and saving four children instead. (This seems more like a two-ponds case -- i.e. where the second pond has four drowning kids you can save -- than an organ stealing case, since you're still merely "letting die" rather than killing anyone.) But there are many other, more common, ways to "not save the child", e.g. by not saving anyone at all. Utilitarianism certainly wouldn't recommend that!
Given that a person isn't actually going to sell their suit and donate the proceeds to charity, their choice is effectively between saving one child and saving none. Given those constraints, utilitarianism will recommend saving the child after all. It's much better than the realistic alternative (i.e. doing nothing).
But yes, it isn't quite as good as another possible (if unlikely to be followed through on) alternative would be. When put like that, though, the claim doesn't seem so "counterintuitive" any more. It just seems true. (Doesn't it?)
Also remember that Singer is mostly offering this argument to persuade people who have not yet started giving to charities. Such people currently do nothing, and he is trying to convince them that they should. He needs to convince them to give before he can start advising how to give.
Richard,
First, you are right that it is more like a "two ponds" case.
And I think you are also right that the utilitarian angel would never be in this situation, because his money would have gone to charity instead of buying the suit in the first place.
But if we altered our example, the problem remains--what if, for example, you had worn the suit to a Singer lecture, and had decided in the lecture that utilitarianism is true, and that you would start living your life as such--you honestly plan on selling the suit when you get home and donating the money to charity. Then, you come across the drowning child. Are you suggesting that you don't find it counterintuitive that in this circumstance you ought not save the child? Because I sure do--and I'm a utilitarian too. So I'm not sure the problem has been solved; to me it looks like your just biting the bullet.
Aaron,
You may be right that, at least in "The Life you can Save" Singer is using the argument rhetorically. But I don't think this case can be made for "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" because that article was directed toward philosophers.
If Singer's argument is rhetorical then its effectiveness largely remains to be seen; but as philosophers we should be allowed to poke holes in it. It will cease to convince me, at least, if there is no way out of this. I don't think Singer is allowed to be inconsistent just because its rhetorically effective.
Hi Preston, I think you may have misread my comment. I never said anything about how "the utilitarian angel would never be in this situation". My claim was that precisely in this circumstance, the claim that you "ought not save the child" is under-described (and perhaps might not even be true, according to utilitarianism).
Consider: one way to "not save the child" is to just go home. If it were true that what one ought to do is to "not save the child", then the person who just goes home could say that they've fulfilled at least one of their obligations, which is just absurd.
This suggests that, as a general rule, when you have to take some intrinsically undesirable means X to achieve some ultimately worthwhile end Y, it may be that you ought to do "X and Y", but it would be inapposite (and perhaps even false) to just say that you ought to do X, simpliciter.
I think this completely explains away that "counterintuitive" aspect of the claim. It seems perfectly intuitive to say that you ought to go and sell the suit to save four lives (which requires passing by the one life you could save here instead). And this is all that the utilitarian is really committed to. Your claim that they "ought not to save the child" simpliciter is just a misleading way of talking. The problem is nothing to do with utilitarianism per se.
Richard--
Perhaps out intuitions just differ--but I am saying it is counterintuitive that utilitarianism would require one to not save the child and sell the suit to save four lives.
Sure, if you weren't going to sell the suit anyway, it would be obligatory to save the child. I agree with you about that.
But ideally, the best utilitarian action to take would be the conjunction of (~X) not saving the child and (Y) selling the suit to save four lives.
So, let me just review to try to be clear-- Between saving the child and not, I ought to save the child, according to utilitarianism. But, if I really will follow through and sell the suit I am wearing and donate the proceeds to charity, then I ought not save the child.
For me, the intuitive pull is still for (X) over the utilitarian answer, (~X) and (Y).
I agree, I did misread your original post--but I think perhaps you may have misread mine as well. Hopefully I have cleared things up (I am probably to blame, as I typed up the post pretty quickly.)
Okay, yes it looks like we just have different intuitions on that point. (But if you think of an ordinary two-ponds case, it seems pretty hard to see how your intuition could make any sense. If you can save either one person or a group of four, surely you should save the four. The fact that the one is closer to you in space or time surely isn't morally relevant as a matter of principle.)
Of course, there are heuristic reasons to favour salient local needs. (Namely, who knows whether we can trust our future selves to follow through and help the four. Most people probably wouldn't, and that's enough to favour a general rule of helping the one person that's right before our eyes.) So we can give a debunking explanation of why people might initially have the intuition you've reported. But I don't think it can survive much reflection. (That is, reflection should soon reveal that the norm you're intuiting is merely heuristic, rather than any deeply principled ideal.) So I don't think utilitarians like Singer should be at all troubled by this case.
Richard,
I suppose we have reached an impasse.
I agree with you that in a two-ponds case, with the two ponds next to each other, saving the four over the one would seem obligatory. Furthermore, I also agree that distance shouldn't make any morally relevant difference.
But in this case, for me at least, intuitively it does seem to make a difference.
But, I suppose I could admit my intuitions are wrong.
Either way, I appreciate your comments. I think you've helped me clear up the issue.
Best,
Preston
It's not clear what the value of the suit might be after saving the one child in the pond.
Also, you can't know that the child will drown before you can get out of your suit. So maybe utility is highest if you try to undress and save the kid. Or maybe you should just take off the jacket, which has a resale value of $80. Then you saved 2 kids...
The point is not new: utilitarian calculus is too complicated. Many people have seen this.
The hypotheticals are implicitly stipulating (amongst many other things) that the child won't survive till you take off the jacket. In practice you would be very unlikely to face that choice. and it isn't surprising that people's intuitions struggle with very unlikely combinations of events.
In practive almost all moral systems are hard - but the proponent of any reasonable system will just expect you to do your best with the information available to you. You can always honestly misinterpret that information or focus on irrelevant parts of it but that is not necesarily the fault of the moral theory.
Can't resist making a quotable comment:
If the problem with utilitarianism is that it is hard, the problem with everything else is that it is not utilitarianism.
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