Objectivity without Ontological Commitment
Everyone seems to hate G.E. Moore's ethical intuitionism, because it assumes the existence of a non-natural property, 'good'. The real problem with doing this is that it makes the problematic assumption that we have some sort of bizarre epistemic access to this property, as did human beings during the creation of language itself, hence us making a word to describe this non-natural property.
On the other hand, it doesn't seem that non-cognitivists have our moral language right. When I am in an ethical discussion/argument with someone, it is more than just table pounding. Stevenson says ethical arguments are like preference arguments because we aren't stating physical facts to prove ethical facts ("We should go to the movie because it is an action movie"), but stating physical facts to attempt to convince the other person to hold our preferences ("[because I know you like action movies]"). But I'm not sure that an argument about anything, factual or relative, could go any other way.
At the end of the day, an ethical argument is just a matter of taste, say the non-cognitivists.
But that certainly doesn't seem right either.
So is there a way we can have objective moral truths without strange metaphysical commitments? YES.
It has been around for hundreds of years, mostly popular around Hume's time, but I am not sure why it failed to gain popularity when Roderick Firth formalized it in the 60s.
It is called the "Ideal Observer Theory". Under this theory, 'x is a good act' means 'the ideal observer would do x under these current conditions'. The ideal observer has certain characteristics, such as omniscience, impartiality, disinterest, etc. That is all important, but there is not enough space for that here. The point is, when we are making ethical arguments, we assume all these pretenses, such as utility, kindness, etc. The ideal observer has all of these characteristics, and puts its desires at the same level as others. But assuming these pretenses, an ethical dilemma does have an objective solution, so long as hypothetical situations can be considered true or false (for ex. If John likes pizza and is hungry, and a pizza is put in front of him, ceteris peribus he would eat the pizza).
One objection I will field briefly before I open this up for discussion is this: People can agree on all the facts of an ethical dilemma, and be unselfish, but still disagree on the outcome.
My response is this: Certainly it is possible, if not likely, that they have two different conceptions of the ideal observer. And these subtle differences could cause the difference. Not to mention, it is impossible for someone to know all facts about a situation, even if they were brilliant scientists--think about mental states and things like that. This opens up a lot of room for sensible disagreement. But when this happens between two people (most likely philosophers), all they have to do is step back and agree on a conception of an ideal observer, and then progress forward. This won't solve all problems, but it will help.
Also, I know nothing about aesthetics, but I'm not sure why the ideal observer theory wouldn't work in aesthetics. We have a piece of art: and we agree on a certain general conception of what good art (or music) is; takes creativity, emotional venting, etc. etc. But once we agree on a conception, we can ensure we are actually arguing about something instead of just talking past one another.
2 Comments:
The Ideal Observer raises as many (if not more) problems as it fixes. You're right- there is disagreement about what constitutes an "ideal observer". I think it is fair to say that, generally, when one posits the idea of an "ideal observer", they are talking about themselves. I sympathize with your approach, as I,too, would like to think that if everyone had the same information as me, they would come to the same conclusion. That's not true at all. What is most interesting is when people have the same information, yet come to completely different conclusions. What brings them to different conclusions? For example, when I am debating with my colleagues, we may have slightly different information that we will bring up in the context of discussion, but at some point, and in general, we have pretty much the same information. And yet, we come to different conclusions. We weigh some evidence heavier than another would. Some principle seems to be stronger in our minds than the rest. While this (admittedly) may not constitute the "same information", it seems to be nearly as close as we can possibly get. Or, if you'd rather, consider my brother and I. We were raised the same. We have much of the same information and experience. When we have different information and experience, we share that with one another; and yet, we rarely come to the same conclusions.
There is an immense amount of literature on the ideal observer. I really urge you to look into it further. Just search any philosophical journal. I think that, potentially, one could make a good argument for an ideal observer. One just has to fill in the numerous holes left by those who have posited the theory before us.
I think you have a point--but I do think its tough to say that any two people have the same information, or even generally the same information. We all have completely different experiences, and things that may seem completely irrelevant may make the difference. I will look into Ideal Observer Theory though, because I know it has problems, and I've only read Firth and Hume on the subject.
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